Parent Class:

EC-Numbers → 6 -- Ligases → 6.2 -- Forming carbon-sulfur bonds → 6.2.1 -- Acid--thiol ligases

Synonyms: acyl-CoA synthetase, fatty acid thiokinase (long chain), acyl-activating enzyme, palmitoyl-CoA synthase, lignoceroyl-CoA synthase, arachidonyl-CoA synthetase, acyl coenzyme A synthetase, acyl-CoA ligase, palmitoyl coenzyme A synthetase, thiokinase, palmitoyl-CoA ligase, acyl-coenzyme A ligase, fatty acid CoA ligase, long-chain fatty acyl coenzyme A synthetase, oleoyl-CoA synthetase, stearoyl-CoA synthetase, long chain fatty acyl-CoA synthetase, long-chain acyl CoA synthetase, fatty acid elongase, LCFA synthetase, pristanoyl-CoA synthetase, ACS3, long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase I, long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase II, fatty acyl-coenzyme A synthetase, long-chain acyl-coenzyme A synthetase, FAA1

Systematic Name: long-chain fatty acid:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)

Unification Links: BRENDA:6.2.1.3, ENZYME:6.2.1.3, IUBMB-ExplorEnz:6.2.1.3

Reaction:
a long-chain fatty acid + coenzyme A + ATP → a long-chain fatty acyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate

Unofficial Reactions:
8-methylnonanoate + coenzyme A + ATP → 8-methylnonanoyl-coA + ADP + phosphate,
a long-chain 2,3,4-saturated fatty acid + coenzyme A + ATP → a long-chain 2,3,4-saturated fatty acyl CoA + AMP + diphosphate,
16-hydroxypalmitate + coenzyme A + ATP → 16-hydroxypalmitoyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate,
pristanate + coenzyme A + ATP → pristanoyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate,
a 2,3,4-saturated fatty acid + ATP + coenzyme A + H⁺ → a 2,3,4-saturated fatty acyl CoA + AMP + diphosphate + H⁺,
a 2-methyl branched 2,3,4-saturated fatty acid + coenzyme A + ATP → a 2-methyl branched 2,3,4-saturated fatty acyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate,
9-methyldecanoate + coenzyme A + ATP → 9-methyldecanoyl-CoA + ADP + phosphate,
dodecanoate + coenzyme A + ATP → dodecanoyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate,
18-hydroxyoleate + coenzyme A + ATP → 18-hydroxyoleoyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate,
cis-vaccenate_[periplasm] + ATP + coenzyme A + H⁺_[periplasm] → cis-vaccenoyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate + H⁺,
(6E)-9-methyldec-6-enoate + coenzyme A + ATP → (6E)-9-methyldec-6-enoyl-CoA + ADP + phosphate,
(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosapentaenoate + ATP + coenzyme A → (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosapentaenoyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate,
oleate + coenzyme A + ATP → oleoyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate,
pentadecanoate + coenzyme A + ATP → pentadecanoyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate,
oleate_[periplasm] + ATP + coenzyme A + H⁺_[periplasm] → oleoyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate + H⁺,
(15Z)-tetracosenoate + coenzyme A + ATP → (15Z)-tetracosenoyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate,
(E)-8-methylnon-6-enoate + coenzyme A + ATP → (E)-8-methylnon-6-enoyl-CoA + ADP + phosphate,
decanoate + ATP + coenzyme A → decanoyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate,
α,ω-9Z-octadecenedioate + coenzyme A + ATP → ω-carboxy-(9Z)-octadec-9-enoyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate,
7-methyloctanoate + coenzyme A + ATP → 7-methyloctanoyl-CoA + ADP + phosphate,
palmitate + coenzyme A + ATP → palmitoyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate,
a 3-methyl-branched 2,3,4-saturated fatty acid + coenzyme A + ATP → a 3-methyl-branched 2,3,4-saturated fatty acyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate,
octanoate + ATP + coenzyme A → octanoyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate,
stearate + coenzyme A + ATP → stearoyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate,
coenzyme A + 7-hydroxylaurate + ATP → 7-hydroxylauroyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate,
18-hydroxystearate + coenzyme A + ATP → 18-hydroxystearoyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate,
palmitoleate_[periplasm] + ATP + coenzyme A + H⁺_[periplasm] → palmitoleoyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate + H⁺,
(2E)-hexadecenoate + coenzyme A + ATP → (2E)-hexadec-2-enoyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate,
(4E)-6-methylhept-4-enoate + coenzyme A + ATP → (4E)-6-methylhept-4-enoyl-CoA + ADP + phosphate,
linoleate + coenzyme A + ATP → linoleoyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate,
α-linolenate + ATP + coenzyme A → α-linolenoyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate,
phytenate + ATP + coenzyme A → phytenoyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate,
7-methyloct-6-enoate + coenzyme A + ATP → 7-methyloct-6-enoyl-CoA + ADP + phosphate,
an odd numbered straight chain 2,3,4-saturated fatty acid + ATP + coenzyme A → an odd numbered straight chain 2,3,4-saturated fatty acyl CoA + AMP + diphosphate

Enzymes and Genes:
long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase 6: LACS6 ( Arabidopsis thaliana col )
long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase 7: LACS7 ( Arabidopsis thaliana col )
long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase 3: LACS3 ( Arabidopsis thaliana col )
long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase 8: LACS8 ( Arabidopsis thaliana col )
long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase 1: LACS1 ( Arabidopsis thaliana col )
long chain acyl-CoA synthetase 5: LACS5 ( Arabidopsis thaliana col )
long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase 4: LACS4 ( Arabidopsis thaliana col )
long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase 9: LACS9 ( Arabidopsis thaliana col )
long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase 1: Acs1 ( Rattus norvegicus )
long-chain-fatty-acid—CoA ligase: FX056196 ( Botryococcus braunii BOT88-2 )
long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase 1: ACSL1 ( Homo sapiens )
very long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase: SLC27A2 ( Homo sapiens )
long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase 3: ACSL3 ( Homo sapiens )

Summary:
Acts on a wide range of long-chain saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, but the enzymes from different tissues show some variation in specificity. The liver enzyme acts on acids from C₆ to C₂₀; that from brain shows high activity up to C₂₄.

Citations: [Hosaka79, Tanaka79, Nagamatsu85, Bakken89]

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References

Bakken89: Bakken AM, Farstad M (1989). "Identical subcellular distribution of palmitoyl-CoA and arachidonoyl-CoA synthetase activities in human blood platelets." Biochem J 261(1);71-6. PMID: 2528345

Hosaka79: Hosaka K, Mishina M, Tanaka T, Kamiryo T, Numa S (1979). "Acyl-coenzyme-A synthetase I from Candida lipolytica. Purification, properties and immunochemical studies." Eur J Biochem 93(1);197-203. PMID: 108099

Nagamatsu85: Nagamatsu K, Soeda S, Mori M, Kishimoto Y (1985). "Lignoceroyl-coenzyme A synthetase from developing rat brain: partial purification, characterization and comparison with palmitoyl-coenzyme A synthetase activity and liver enzyme." Biochim Biophys Acta 836(1);80-8. PMID: 3161545

Tanaka79: Tanaka T, Hosaka K, Hoshimaru M, Numa S (1979). "Purification and properties of long-chain acyl-coenzyme-A synthetase from rat liver." Eur J Biochem 98(1);165-72. PMID: 467438

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Please cite the following article in publications resulting from the use of MetaCyc: Caspi et al, Nucleic Acids Research 46(D1):D633-D639 2018
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